FREUD & ERROR

The “bystander effect” exists because people love helping… as long as someone else starts first.

✗ FAKE
The bystander effect is the finding that people are less likely to help when others are present, linked to diffusion of responsibility. It was studied after the 1964 Kitty Genovese case, though that account has been questioned.

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People often misjudge how happy things will make them—called affective forecasting. Turns out joy has diminishing returns.Children develop a sense of self around age two. Independence begins early.Short-term memory holds about 7 items for 20–30 seconds. Mental juggling has limits.Cognitive distortions are irrational thoughts that affect mood. The mind exaggerates expertly.Memory is reconstructive, not reproductive—we fill in gaps and alter details. The mind edits freely.People are more likely to remember emotionally charged experiences. Emotion stamps memory.See all Freud & Error facts →

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